A property of a material that changes the speed of light, computed as the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light through the material. When light travels at an angle between two ...

Porous rubber microbeads suspended in a gel are found to exhibit a negative acoustic index of refraction, which makes these metamaterials promising for underwater acoustic applications. Negative-index ...

If you studied advanced physics at high school, there's a good chance that you remember Snell's law, which states how a ray of light bends when it crosses a boundary between two media. According to ...

Utilizing Index of Refraction Monitors in Biopharmaceutical Downstream Processing and Purification When the FDA published the 2003 document, “Pharmaceutical Current Good Manufacturing Practices (CGMPs ...

Among the various sensing modalities available for bioprocess operations, index of refraction (IoR) is intriguing for its simplicity and capability for sample-less, real-time readout. A group led by ...