Abstract: Grating interferometers highly valued for high resolution, straightforward benchmark, and insensitivity to environmental disturbances have become one of the most mainstream methods for ...

Abstract: In the joule balance, it is important to measure the relative displacement between the exciting magnet and the suspended coil. So, we have designed and applied a compact dual-axis heterodyne ...

LIGO is an observatory that detects gravitational waves — ripples in spacetime caused by massive accelerating objects like merging black holes. It was the first to confirm their existence, supporting ...