Trump on April 2 stunned the world with massive tariffs that he said would prevent countries like China from “ripping off” the U.S. Chinese leader Xi Jinping ditched official caution and issued a patriotic message casting doubt on whether American voters could bear as much hardship as the Chinese.

Beijing, which imports far fewer goods from the U.S. than it exports, is considering a range of nontariff measures amid growing trade tensions between the world’s two biggest economies.