The 1863 constitution of the United States of Colombia was radically liberal, abolishing the death penalty and guaranteeing freedoms of speech and religion. However, its implementation sparked intense conflict. The government's 1870 decree for free, obligatory, and secular primary education was a direct challenge to the Catholic Church's traditional role. This, coupled with policies like the seizure of church lands, ignited the 1876 Civil War. The federal system, which allowed states to raise th

During World War II, Japanese intelligence broke nearly every Allied military code—except one. This is the incredible true story of the Navajo Code Talkers, the U.S. Marines who created the only unbreakable military code in modern history. In 1942, the United States turned to an unexpected weapon: the ancient and complex Navajo language. Spoken by fewer than 200,000 people and unknown outside the American Southwest, Navajo became the foundation of a revolutionary code that Japanese cryptanalysts